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Market Data
Where the merchant CO₂ is made, and who distributes bulk and beverage grade CO₂ to breweries and bottlers from New England to Florida. A source on every row.
Bulk and beverage grade CO₂ reaches East Coast breweries and bottlers through regional distributors, among them Arc3 Gases from Delaware to Florida, Roberts Oxygen from Pennsylvania to Florida, Holston Gases across the Southeast, Tri-State Carbonation in the Northeast, and Airgas, NuCO2, Linde and Messer everywhere, but nearly all of it is made at a dozen upstream plants: ammonia complexes at Hopewell VA, Augusta GA, Cherokee AL and Midway TN, refinery byproduct units at Delaware City DE and Decatur AL, ethanol plants in Georgia, Tennessee and Kentucky, and the Jackson Dome CO₂ field in Mississippi. A North Carolina brewery qualifying a second supplier should ask which of those plants fills the truck, because two distributors drawing on the same ammonia plant go to allocation together, and CleanCycleCarbon is the region's independent beverage grade producer from captured biogenic and industrial sources.
The three sections below cover the production points that feed the region, the distributors by state with the beverage grade claim read literally from each company's own site, and how to qualify a second supplier. Last reviewed . No service area appears here that the company does not state itself.
Merchant CO₂ is a byproduct. About 75 percent of the US market outside oil and gas comes from making ethanol, ammonia and hydrogen (C&EN, 2023), and mined CO₂ from natural fields was about 24 percent of merchant supply in 2022, with Jackson Dome alone around 15 percent of capacity. The East Coast has had no large ethanol source since Green Plains Hopewell closed in 2018, so the region leans on ammonia plants, refinery byproduct units and the Mississippi dome, all of which take turnarounds. EPA's 2023 supply chain profile notes that ammonia-dependent regions see planned downtime peaking in winter with a spring slowdown, and that the closure of the one southern Georgia plant consistently supplying Florida in 2020 to 2021 left that market uniquely exposed.
| Production point | Location | Feedstock | CO₂ operator | What the source says | Status | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AdvanSix Hopewell complex | Hopewell, VA | Ammonia | Air Liquide, Linde and Messer take the crude CO₂ | Three offtakers liquefy about 1,650 tons per day from the Hopewell ammonia complex, about 11 percent of Southeast supply, for food, beverage, medical and industrial use. AdvanSix's own 2026 release confirms the site produces CO₂. | Operating; a fall maintenance turnaround of up to eight weeks removes that supply each time it runs | gasworld via CBM Technologies, Virginia plant shutdown and the CO₂ market |
| Nutrien (PCS Nitrogen) Augusta plant | Augusta, GA | Ammonia | Air Carbonics Industries, adjacent, 50 percent owned by PCS | CO₂ from the ammonia plant's solution regenerator exhaust is purified and compressed to liquid CO₂ at the adjacent ACI plant. EPA lists the Augusta ammonia plant as a food grade CO₂ producer. | Operating; lost power in Hurricane Helene on September 26, 2024 and restarted in early October 2024 | Georgia EPD, PCS Nitrogen Augusta Title V narrative |
| LSB Industries Cherokee | Cherokee, AL | Ammonia | Messer | Messer extended its long-term CO₂ purchase and sale agreement with LSB and invested in the liquid CO₂ plant at Cherokee to add reliability and molecules to its network. The release does not state a grade. | Operating | Messer, LSB and Messer increase CO₂ reliability |
| US Nitrogen (Austin Powder) | Midway, Greene County, TN | Ammonia | Linde (built as Praxair) | Praxair agreed to build, own and operate a purification and liquefaction plant at the new ammonia plant, producing beverage quality liquid CO₂ for customers throughout the Southeast and Mid-Atlantic. The same article lists Praxair CO₂ plants in Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, Virginia and West Virginia. | Agreement announced April 2016; plant reported operating since | Chemical Engineering, Praxair long-term CO₂ agreement |
| Linde Decatur plant at the Indorama PTA complex | Decatur, AL | Refinery hydrogen | Linde | EPA's map of food grade CO₂ producers lists both the Indorama xylenes and PTA site and the Linde Decatur plant under refinery supply. Co-located; no fetched page ties the two streams explicitly. | Listed as a food grade producer on the EPA map | EPA, US food grade CO₂ producers map (May 2020) |
| Delaware City Refining CO₂ plant (Linde, built as Praxair) | Delaware City, DE | Refinery hydrogen | Linde | A 450 ton per day liquid CO₂ plant, food and beverage quality, for the Northeastern US merchant market, plus a 120 ton per day dry ice plant, making beneficial use of a refinery byproduct. | Started up December 2016 | Hydrocarbon Processing, Praxair starts up CO₂ plant in the Northeastern US |
| Air Liquide Delaware City and Donaldsonville liquefaction plants | Delaware City, DE and Donaldsonville, LA | Refinery hydrogen | Air Liquide | Air Liquide's FSSC 22000 food safety certification covers CO₂ liquefaction plants at Delaware City and Donaldsonville, supplying beverage grade CO₂ for carbonated beverages. Donaldsonville sits at the CF Industries ammonia complex; the page does not name the source. | Certified 2012; current status not re-verified | Air Liquide, food safety certification for CO₂ and nitrogen facilities |
| CF Industries Donaldsonville complex | Donaldsonville, LA | Ammonia | CF Industries (sequestration unit with ExxonMobil) | The world's largest ammonia complex now has a dehydration and compression unit sending up to 2 million tons of CO₂ a year to sequestration. The release makes no mention of merchant sales, so sequestration now competes with the merchant market for the same molecules. | Sequestration unit announced 2025 | CF Industries, Donaldsonville CCS |
| Flint Hills Resources Camilla (ex-First United Ethanol) | Pelham, GA | Ethanol fermentation | Not verified by fetch | Georgia's first commercial-scale ethanol plant, 100 million gallons a year, grinding since October 2008. EPA lists the site as a food grade CO₂ producer. The CO₂ plant operator could not be confirmed from a fetched page. | Listed as a food grade producer on the EPA map | Industrial Info Resources, first commercial ethanol plant in Georgia |
| POET Bioprocessing Obion | Rives, TN | Ethanol fermentation | POET | A 120 million gallon a year ethanol plant whose product list includes CO₂ and dry ice. POET is on EPA's food grade CO₂ producer list; the plant page states no grade. | Operating | POET, Obion plant |
| Commonwealth Agri-Energy | Hopkinsville, KY | Ethanol fermentation | Airgas (Air Liquide) | CO₂ from ethanol production is captured and supplied by Airgas, including Penguin Brand dry ice for food, beverage and cold chain use, per the plant's own site. On EPA's food grade producer list. | Operating | Commonwealth Agri-Energy |
| Jackson Dome CO₂ field | Rankin and Madison Counties, MS | Natural CO₂ well | Denbury, now ExxonMobil | A naturally occurring 98 percent CO₂ deposit, the only significant one east of the Mississippi per Denbury's 10-K, with about 76 percent of 2022 production going to enhanced oil recovery and the balance to third-party industrial users. In 2022 the stream carried hydrocarbon contamination that reached brewers; Denbury said it met contractual specifications. | Operating; EPA lists three dehydration facilities as food grade producers | Denbury, 2022 Form 10-K |
| Green Plains Hopewell ethanol plant | Hopewell, VA | Ethanol fermentation | None; plant closed | The East Coast's one large ethanol plant, 60 million gallons a year, closed permanently in November 2018 on a continued low-margin environment and was decommissioned. A 2014 plan for the site had included a CO₂ capture unit for beverage carbonation. | Closed November 2018 | DTN Progressive Farmer, Green Plains to close Virginia ethanol plant |
| CleanCycleCarbon | North Charleston, SC (headquarters); first facility Lewiston, NC | Biogenic and industrial capture | CleanCycleCarbon | Independent capture operator. Builds and runs cryogenic purification at biogenic and industrial CO₂ sources, producing to the ISBT beverage grade specification, 99.9 percent minimum, at an FDA-registered facility. Beverage grade at 99.9 percent is the spec we certify to. | Entered continuous commercial beverage grade production in December 2024; additional capture projects in development | CleanCycleCarbon, Lewiston, NC facility |
The companies that put CO₂ in a brewery's bulk tank or a bottler's receiver, grouped by the region their own site claims. The beverage grade column is literal: it says Yes only where the site uses the words beverage grade or food grade, and otherwise records what the site does say. Most are distributors of merchant CO₂ made at the plants in section 1; the gas majors at the bottom both produce and distribute.
| Company | Base | States served (their words) | Beverage grade on their site | Bulk | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tri-State Carbonation Service | Monticello, NY | New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont, by county and city | Carbonation supply for fountain soda, draft beer, breweries and restaurants; the site does not use the phrase beverage grade | Yes; bulk CO₂ systems with automatic deliveries based on usage | Tri-State Carbonation Service, Bulk CO₂ |
| Middlesex Gases & Technologies (a Linde distributor) | Everett, MA | Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Connecticut, and throughout New England | Not stated; the CO₂ page lists research, scientific, laser, instrument and bone dry grades, and the bulk page lists food service as an industry | Yes; bulk and MicroBulk systems with CO₂ listed | Middlesex Gases, Bulk Gas Systems |
| Irish Industrial Gases (Irish Family Companies) | Buffalo, NY; second location Rochester, NY | Not stated on site beyond the two New York locations | Yes; liquid CO₂ from industrial grade to beverage grade, with breweries and food and beverage named as industries | Yes; bulk, microbulk and high pressure cylinders | Irish Industrial Gases, Carbon Dioxide |
| Noble Gas Solutions | Seven New York locations: Albany, Kingston, South Glens Falls, Utica, Margaretville, Nassau, Red Hook | Not stated on site beyond the New York locations | Yes; all CO₂ pumped is food and beverage grade by FDA guidelines, with brewing named | Not stated on site; cylinders to rent, lease or buy | Noble Gas Solutions, Gases |
| General Welding Supply Corp. | Westbury, NY | Not stated on site | CO₂ for carbonation and beer gas blends, safe for food and beverage production use; the site does not use the phrase beverage grade | Yes; microbulk systems for nitrogen and CO₂ | General Welding Supply, Beer Gas and Beverage CO₂ |
| CGI Gases | Washington, PA | Northeast and Mid-Atlantic United States | Yes; distributes food grade CO₂ with beverage listed as an industry | Compressed and liquid CO₂ available in bulk for pickup; no bulk delivery language | CGI Gases, Carbon Dioxide |
| Greco Gas Inc. | Tarentum, PA; also Butler and Kittanning, PA | Western Pennsylvania and the greater Pittsburgh market | Yes; food and beverage grade CO₂ for micro, craft and large breweries, taprooms and beverage producers | Yes; bulk CO₂ and 180 liter cryogenic liquid tanks | Greco Gas, Beverage Gas |
| Company | Base | States served (their words) | Beverage grade on their site | Bulk | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roberts Oxygen Company | Not stated on site; 58 locations from Pennsylvania to Florida | Nine states: Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia; beverage division serves the Mid-Atlantic | Beverage division serving restaurants, convenience stores and fast food chains, with beer gas for draft systems; the site does not use the phrase beverage grade | Yes; bulk and microbulk CO₂ | Roberts Oxygen, Beverage |
| Arc3 Gases | Not stated on the CO₂ site; depots in DE, MD, VA, NC, SC, GA and FL | Delaware to Florida; drivers serve customers within a two hour radius of each CO₂ depot (Seaford DE; Baltimore and Frederick MD; Richmond, Norfolk, Roanoke and four more in VA; Raleigh, Charlotte, Greenville and six more in NC; Greenville, Lexington and North Charleston SC; Atlanta, Augusta, Macon, Savannah, Valdosta GA; Gainesville, Jacksonville, Orlando, Tampa FL) | Yes; beverage CO₂ division and beverage grade nitrogen for restaurants, breweries, sports venues and bars | Yes; bulk CO₂ tanks in a range of sizes | Arc3 CO₂, Depot Locations |
| Company | Base | States served (their words) | Beverage grade on their site | Bulk | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carolina Carbonic & Hydrotesting | Greensboro, NC | The Piedmont Triad area of North Carolina | Soda dispensing and beer carbonation for restaurants and food industry customers; the site does not use the phrase beverage grade | Yes, at the small end; volumes from 5 lb cylinders to bulk beverage customers | Carolina Carbonic, CO₂ Service and Supplies |
| James Oxygen & Supply | Hickory, NC; also Boone, North Wilkesboro and Marion, NC | Most of western North Carolina, from Morganton to Mocksville | CO₂ for beer, soda and carbonated water, serving bars, breweries, restaurants and food processors; the site does not use the phrase beverage grade | Not stated on site | James Oxygen, Service Area |
| Andy Oxy Co. | Asheville, NC; also Andrews and Hendersonville NC, Taylors SC, Jonesborough TN | Western North Carolina, Upstate South Carolina and eastern Tennessee | Yes; beverage grade CO₂ for craft breweries, soda manufacturing and restaurants | Yes; containers from 20 lb cylinders to 50 ton bulk tanks | Andy Oxy, Beverage CO₂ |
| Holston Gases | Knoxville, TN | More than 40 locations in 12 states; locations listed in Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia | Yes; beverage grade CO₂ inventory for convenience stores, restaurants, bars, breweries, distilleries and stadiums | Yes; 20 lb cylinders to 50 ton bulk tanks, with bulk system design and installation | Holston Gases, Beverage CO₂ |
| nexAir | Not stated on the pages read; Southeast | Communities across the Southeast | CO₂ for craft brewing and soda production, fermentation to packaging; the beverage page does not use the phrase beverage grade | Not stated on the pages read | nexAir, Beverage |
| American Welding & Gas | Raleigh, NC (headquarters) | More than 20 states from Montana to Pennsylvania and down through Texas to Florida, with more than 100 retail locations and 20 gas fill plants | Beverage gases product category with CO₂ listed under food and beverage; no beverage grade phrase or customer types on the pages read | Not stated on the pages read | American Welding & Gas, Food and Beverage |
| MAC Medical & Industrial Services | Canton, GA; second address Santa Rosa Beach, FL | Metro Atlanta area | Yes; beverage grade CO₂ certified 99.9% pure for restaurants, bars and sports centers | Not stated on site | MAC Medical & Industrial Services, CO₂ |
| Beverage Control, Inc. | Atlanta, GA | Atlanta, Athens, Macon, Columbus, Savannah and Augusta GA; Panama City FL; Montgomery and Huntsville AL | CO₂ at 99.9% purity filtered for beverages, with draft gas; the site does not use the phrase beverage grade | Not stated on site | Beverage Control, Gases |
| Broward Nelson Fountain Service | Fort Lauderdale, FL | All 67 Florida counties, listed by name | Yes; beverage grade liquid bulk CO₂ for bars and restaurants | Yes; low pressure bulk systems with 300 to 750 lb tanks, scheduled refills and telemetry | Broward Nelson, Bulk CO₂ |
| Terry Supply Company | Sarasota, FL; also Bradenton and Venice, FL | Tampa Bay region, from Tampa to Naples | Yes; beverage grade defined on the site as Grade I, above 99.9% pure, for restaurants, bars, breweries and beverage facilities | Yes; bulk CO₂ systems with an outdoor storage tank | Terry Supply, Carbon Dioxide |
| Company | Base | States served (their words) | Beverage grade on their site | Bulk | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NuCO2 (Linde plc) | Stuart, FL | Continental United States; about 168,000 customer locations and more than 150 local depots | Yes; beverage grade CO₂ for restaurants and breweries | Not stated in those words; installation, delivery and maintenance of on-site supply | NuCO2 |
| Airgas (Air Liquide) | Not stated on the beverage page; more than 1,100 locations nationwide | Nationwide | Yes; food and beverage grade gas distribution, bulk beverage grade gases | Yes; MicroBulk through Airgas National Carbonation and bulk tank trailers through Airgas Carbonic | Airgas, Beverage |
| EspriGas (TMG Gases) | Atlanta, GA; national operations center College Station, TX | Nationwide | Yes; beverage grade CO₂ and nitrogen, with Coca-Cola Consolidated, Panda Express and First Watch named as customers | Yes; packaged cylinders, bulk and microbulk with telemetry | EspriGas, Beverage |
| Linde | Global; no US base stated on the page | No states named; describes North America's largest CO₂ capacity | Yes; beverage approved bulk liquid CO₂ meeting ISBT and CGA specifications, shipped only from beverage approved locations | Yes; bulk liquid CO₂ | Linde, Beverage Carbonation |
| Messer North America | Not stated on the page | Not stated on the page; North America positioning | Yes; beverage grade CO₂ and nitrogen for breweries, canning and bottling lines | Yes; bulk delivery for high volume users, cylinders through distributors | Messer, Beverages |
Start with the plant, not the depot. Every distributor in section 2 fills from one or more of the production points in section 1, and the distributor rarely owns the plant. Ask which production point your current supplier draws on, then pick a second supplier whose molecules come from a different feedstock in a different state. Two contracts on the Hopewell ammonia complex are one contract with a fall turnaround built in.
The tracker shows what is disrupted now. For this region the US CO₂ Supply Watch currently logs the CF Industries Yazoo City, Mississippi complex offline since the November 2025 incident with restart pushed to the first half of 2027, and the Brewers Association's August 18, 2026 report of force majeure notices, supplier allocations and volatile pricing for beverage grade CO₂ users across the southeastern United States. Check the tracker before signing, and again when a distributor's allocation letter arrives, so you know whether your plant is the one affected.
Then hold the product to the specification. Request the current certificate of analysis and read it against the ISBT beverage grade specification, 99.9 percent minimum with limits on more than 20 trace contaminants; the supplier evaluation guide lists the questions. Size the contract from your own usage with the brewery volume ranges. If you want a source that does not move with fertilizer or fuel ethanol margins, the biogenic CO₂ producers table lists the US producers by source type, CleanCycleCarbon among them, and alternatives to merchant CO₂ covers on-site recovery of the kind Sierra Nevada runs at Mills River, NC, which supplies only the brewery that installs it.
By region, per each company's own site: Tri-State Carbonation Service (NY, NJ, PA, CT, MA, VT), Middlesex Gases (New England), Irish Industrial Gases and Noble Gas Solutions (upstate New York), CGI Gases and Greco Gas (Pennsylvania), Roberts Oxygen and Arc3 Gases (Delaware or Pennsylvania to Florida), Holston Gases and Andy Oxy (Tennessee and the Carolinas), Broward Nelson and Terry Supply (Florida), plus Airgas, NuCO2, Linde and Messer coast-wide. All distribute merchant CO₂ made at the plants in section 1.
Arc3 Gases lists nine North Carolina CO₂ depots from Wilmington to Charlotte, Roberts Oxygen has North Carolina locations, Holston Gases and Andy Oxy serve the west, James Oxygen covers Hickory to Boone, and Carolina Carbonic covers the Piedmont Triad. Reliability is about the plant behind the truck: ask each which production point its molecules come from and hold the certificate of analysis to the ISBT specification. CleanCycleCarbon is a beverage grade producer whose first facility is in North Carolina.
From a short list of upstream plants, most of them outside the region: ammonia plants, ethanol fermentation, refinery hydrogen units, and the Jackson Dome natural CO₂ field in Mississippi. The distributor rarely owns the plant. When an ammonia complex goes into turnaround or an ethanol plant idles, every distributor drawing on it goes to allocation at once, which is why two contracts from one source are not two sources.
Ask for the production point, not just the depot, and check that it differs from your first supplier's. Request the current certificate of analysis and compare it line by line with the ISBT specification, 99.9 percent minimum with limits on more than 20 trace contaminants. Confirm the bulk tank, fill schedule and telemetry the distributor will provide. Do this before the next allocation notice; the US CO₂ Supply Watch shows what is disrupted now.
Related pages: US CO₂ Supply Watch for current disruptions, biogenic CO₂ producers for the national producer roster, alternatives to merchant CO₂ for the options side by side, and CO₂ for breweries for volumes and specifications.
Every row was read from the public page linked beside it on the review date shown. For distributors, only the company's own website was accepted, and the states served column repeats what that site says; where a site names locations but no service area, the row says so. The beverage grade column records the site's words, not our judgment of the product, because the certificate of analysis decides the grade, not the brochure. Production rows use company pages, SEC filings, government data, and trade press, and a plant reported idle or under restart carries that status with its source. Prices are not tracked here.
Excluded on purpose: Serv-O-Tek, which AI answers list as an East Coast supplier, serves Southern California and Las Vegas per its own site. Machine & Welding Supply is now part of Arc3 Gases. Companies whose sites we could not reach, or that show no CO₂ or beverage language, are left out rather than guessed at. Corrections and additions with a public link go through the contact page.
CleanCycleCarbon is an independent capture operator headquartered in North Charleston, SC, producing to the ISBT beverage grade specification. Beverage grade at 99.9 percent is the spec we certify to.